\(M=\dfrac{1}{1+\sqrt{2}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{3}}+...+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2012}+\sqrt{2013}}\)

\(=\sqrt{2}-1+\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}+...+\sqrt{2013}-\sqrt{2012}\)

\(=\sqrt{2013}-1\)

Điều kiện: \(x\ge2012;y\ge2013;z\ge2014\)

Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy, ta có:

\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{\sqrt{x-2012}-1}{x-2012}=\dfrac{\sqrt{4\left(x-2012\right)}-2}{2\left(x-2012\right)}\le\dfrac{\dfrac{4+x-2012}{2}-2}{2\left(x-2012\right)}=\dfrac{1}{4}\\\dfrac{\sqrt{y-2013}-1}{y-2013}=\dfrac{\sqrt{4\left(y-2013\right)}-2}{2\left(y-2013\right)}\le\dfrac{\dfrac{4+y-2013}{2}-2}{2\left(y-2013\right)}=\dfrac{1}{4}\\\dfrac{\sqrt{z-2014}-1}{z-2014}=\dfrac{\sqrt{4\left(z-2014\right)}-2}{2\left(z-2014\right)}\le\dfrac{\dfrac{4+z-2014}{2}-2}{2\left(z-2014\right)}=\dfrac{1}{4}\end{matrix}\right.\)

Cộng vế theo vế, ta được:

\(\dfrac{\sqrt{x-2012}-1}{x-2012}+\dfrac{\sqrt{y-2013}-1}{y-2013}+\dfrac{\sqrt{z-2014}-1}{z-2014}\le\dfrac{3}{4}\)

Đẳng thức xảy ra khi \(x=2016;y=2017;z=2018\)

Vậy....

ĐKXĐ : \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x\ge2011\\y\ge2012\\z\ge2013\end{matrix}\right.\)

Đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a=\sqrt{x-2011}\ge0\\b=\sqrt{y-2012}\ge0\\c=\sqrt{z-2013}\ge0\end{matrix}\right.\) ta có :

\(\frac{a-1}{a^2}+\frac{b-1}{b^2}+\frac{c-1}{c^2}=\frac{3}{4}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{a^2}-\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{b^2}-\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{c^2}-\frac{1}{c}+\frac{1}{4}=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\frac{1}{a}-\frac{1}{2}\right)^2+\left(\frac{1}{b}-\frac{1}{2}\right)^2+\left(\frac{1}{c}-\frac{1}{2}\right)^2=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=2\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=2015\\y=2016\\z=2017\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(S=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1.2012}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2.2011}}+...+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2012.1}}>\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{1+2012}{2}}+\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{2+2011}{2}}+...+\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{2012+1}{2}}=\dfrac{2012}{\dfrac{2013}{2}}=\dfrac{4024}{2013}\)

= \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}\left(\sqrt{2}+1\right)}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}\left(\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{2}\right)}+...+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2012}.\sqrt{2013}\left(\sqrt{2013}+\sqrt{2012}\right)}\)

= \(\frac{\left(\sqrt{2}+1\right)\left(\sqrt{2}-1\right)}{\sqrt{2\left(\sqrt{2}+1\right)}}+...+\frac{\left(\sqrt{2013}-\sqrt{2012}\right)\left(\sqrt{2013}+\sqrt{2012}\right)}{\sqrt{2012}\sqrt{2013}\left(\sqrt{2012}+\sqrt{2013}\right)}\)

= \(\frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{\sqrt{2}}+...+\frac{\sqrt{2013}-\sqrt{2012}}{\sqrt{2012}\sqrt{2013}}\)

= \(1-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+...+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2012}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2013}}\)

= \(\frac{\sqrt{2013}-1}{\sqrt{2013}}=\frac{2013-\sqrt{2013}}{2013}\)

a.

\(a^2+a^2\left(a+1\right)^2+\left(a+1\right)^2=a^2+\left(a^2+a\right)^2+a^2+2a+1\)

\(=\left(a^2+a\right)^2+2\left(a^2+a\right)+1=\left(a^2+a+1\right)^2\)

b.

\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left(x+\dfrac{1}{y}\right)^2-\dfrac{x}{y}=3\\x+\dfrac{1}{y}+\dfrac{x}{y}=3\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(x+\dfrac{1}{y}\right)^2+x+\dfrac{1}{y}=6\)

\(\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x+\dfrac{1}{y}=2\Rightarrow\dfrac{x}{y}=1\\x+\dfrac{1}{y}=-3\Rightarrow\dfrac{x}{y}=6\end{matrix}\right.\)

TH1: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+\dfrac{1}{y}=2\\\dfrac{x}{y}=1\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow...\)